"There’s a line in the Bible, which I’m not sure the Qu’ran shares, which says that a person cannot serve two masters. Jesus goes on to explain that a person can serve human or God, but not both."

Same. The teachings of Jesus are authoritative in Islam.

"But it is too easy to see how we’ve gotten to where so many of our churches and mosques are today when we consider that many of their theologians consider Heaven to be a realm completely divorced from this world, and certain passages in our scriptures have been interpreted to suggest that this world is in fact the enemy of the next."

Yea...I can agree with that. Turning a blind eye to injustice is sin.

"Now I don’t agree with those interpretations. “Having two masters,” to my eyes, clearly refers to taking orders from an individual person above orders from a higher calling. But there are those who have argued that it means that it is wrong to be concerned about human welfare in this Earthly life, as it is the next life that truly matters."

Concur. Again, these cannot be presented as an "either/or". It's a "both."

"Similarly, there are those who have interpreted Biblical passages about “the world, the flesh, and the devil” distracting people from Christ to mean that worldly and fleshy desires are inherently bad and corrupting influences."

Contextual. Desiring to gain wealth for the purpose of gaining it is evil; gaining wealth for the purpose of paying for your child's education, or to provide zakat (charity) is not. Same with "flesh". Sexual relations outside of marriage....evil; within marriage....blessed.

"Which is why I don’t use the Abrahamic scriptures anymore."

Well, we consider them authoritative as well. The point is that some would administer them without mercy or qualification, which is lunatic. I might hold that fornication is evil, but that doesn't mean you automatically stone the fornicator, even though such is *permitted* in both Islam and the Law of Moses.

"Does the Qu’ran have similar lines?"

Some, but it doesn't much matter. Islam views the Quran, Injeel (Gospel), Torah, and the Prophets as authoritative, with the caveat that they have to match up against Quran as the primary source.